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1.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 145(1): 1-6, ene.-feb. 2009. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-567740

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Evaluar la medida en que se alcanzan las metas de control en un grupo de pacientes seleccionados con diabetes tipo 1 o 2. Métodos: Estudio transversal y descriptivo en el que se incluyeron pacientes atendidos de manera consecutiva en la Consulta Externa de Diabetes del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán entre abril y julio de 2005; la población seleccionada era de difícil control metabólico; todos los pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 recibían fármacos para controlar la glucemia, incluyendo insulina en 43% de ellos. Analizamos los criterios de control recomendados por la Asociación Americana de Diabetes, las cifras de colesterol no-HDL y el índice aterogénico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 530 pacientes: 468 (mujeres 58.8%) tenían diabetes tipo 2, con edad promedio de 58.5 años, y 62 (mujeres 65%) tenían diabetes tipo 1, con edad promedio de 31.2 años. El valor promedio de HbA1c fue de 10.2±2.8 y 9.0±2.4 para diabéticos tipo 1 y tipo 2. Las proporciones de pacientes con diabetes tipos 1 y 2 dentro de las metas de tratamiento fueron de 12.9 y 23.7% para HbA1c (p=0.02), 82.2 y 57.2% para presión arterial sistólica y diastólica (p=0.0001), 75.8 y 49.3% para triglicéridos (p=0.0001), 45.1 y 35.6% para c-LDL (p=0.16), 51.6 y 53.4% para c-HDL (p= 0.79), 56.4 y 43.3% para c-no-HDL (p=0.03) y 58.0% versus 55.1% para índice aterogénico (p=0.66). La proporción de pacientes que alcanzaron metas de colesterol no-HDL, HbA1c, presión arterial y triglicéridos fue de 6.4% para diabéticos tipo 1 y de 4.4% para diabéticos tipo 2 (p=0.6). En el análisis de regresión logística múltiple, las variables asociadas con mayor probabilidad de alcanzar las metas de control fueron el tratamiento con antihipertensivos, el uso de hipolipemiantes, de insulina y el antecedente de enfermedad vascular cerebral. Conclusiones: Si bien nuestros resultados no pueden ser directamente comparables con los publicados en otras series en poblaciones abiertas, muestran que el grado de control de los factores de riesgo considerados no es aceptable, sobre todo en los niveles de glucemia; es necesario implementar programas que ayuden a cumplir estas metas en pacientes diabéticos.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of control of metabolic goals in a group of very selected type 1 and 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was done. Patients were enrolled consecutively in the Diabetes Clinic in a tertiary-care hospital in México City during the period between april and july 2005. The population at this clinic is very selected as demonstrated by the fact that all type 2 diabetic patients were treated with drugs for diabetic control, including insulin in 43% of them. We used the goals recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) as parameters to analyze and additionally included non-HDL cholesterol and the atherogenic index. RESULTS: A total of 530 patients were included; 468 (58.8% female) had type 2 diabetes, with an average age of 58.5 years; 62 (65% female) patients had type 1 diabetes, with an average age of 31.2 years. The mean HbA1c values were 10.2 +/- 2.8 and 9.0 +/- 2.4 in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients, respectively. The proportion of diabetic type 1 and 2 patients reaching treatment goals were 12.9% and 23.7% for HbA1c (p=0.02), 82.2% and 57.2% for both systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.0001), 75.8% and 49.3% for triglycerides (p=0.0001), 45.1% and 35.6% for LDL-c (p=0.16), 51.6% and 53.4% for HDL-c (p=0.79), 56.4% and 43.3% for non-HDL cholesterol (p=0.03) and 58.0% and 55.1% for atherogenic index (p=0.66), respectively. The proportion of patients reaching all the optimal treatment goals (non-HDL cholesterol, HbA1c, arterial blood pressure and triglycerides) was 6.4% for type 1 diabetic patients and 4.4% for type 2 patients (p=0.6). Factors associated with achieving goal values in a multiple regression analysis were drug treatment for high blood pressure, use of lipid lowering drugs, insulin use and a history of stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are not comparable with other publications of series evaluating the same parameters in open populations. The results show that the degree of control of evaluated risk factors is not good, principally in the case of glucemic control; it is necessary to plan strategies that help to reach these goals in diabetic patients.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy , Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control , Cross-Sectional Studies , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications , Risk Factors
2.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 144(1): 39-46, ene.-feb. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-568142

ABSTRACT

La integración de metabolismo e inmunidad bajo condiciones normales es benéfica para mantener la homeostasis, pero puede ser deletérea bajo condiciones de cambio metabólico como en la inmunosupresión característica de la desnutrición. Con el incremento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, nuevos problemas de la intersección del metabolismo e inmunidad han emergido: obesidad asociada a enfermedades inflamatorias, diabetes, hígado graso y aterosclerosis. Existe un alto nivel de coordinación entre las vías metabólica e inflamatoria y destacan en este sentido los macrófagos y los adipocitos en la obesidad. Las señales intracelulares activadas en la respuesta a la inflamación pueden inhibir la señal de la insulina. La pérdida de mediadores o moléculas de señalización inflamatorios previene la resistencia a la insulina. En ausencia de obesidad, una infusión de citocinas inflamatorias o lípidos causa resistencia a la insulina. Entender los mecanismos que conducen de obesidad a inflamación tendrá importantes implicaciones para reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad de la obesidad a través de prevenir su asociación con inflamación.


Integration of metabolism and immunity in normal physiology is beneficial to maintain homeostasis. It can also become deleterious under conditions such as the immunosuppression observed among the malnourished. With the increase of excess weight and obesity, a new set of problems and complications has emerged at the intersection of metabolic activity and immunity. As examples of the latter we find obesity associated with inflammatory diseases, diabetes, fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Obesity is characterized by inflammation; there are common factors at the crossroads of inflammation and metabolic disease. Obesity is characterized by an inflammatory response and many inflammatory mediators exhibit expression patterns that interfere with insulin action. The high level of coordination of inflammatory and metabolic pathways is highlighted by the overlapping biology of macrophage and adipocite function observed in obesity. The intracellular signaling pathways activated by inflammatory and stress responses inhibit insulin signaling and the loss of inflammatory mediators prevents insulin resistance. In the absence of obesity, an infusion of inflammatory cytokines or lipids causes insulin resistance. Understanding the mechanisms leading from obesity to inflammation will have important implications to help reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with obesity by preventing its association with inflammatory disorders.


Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Complications/complications , Inflammation/complications , Obesity/complications , Diabetes Complications/immunology , Diabetes Complications/metabolism , Insulin Resistance , Inflammation/immunology , Inflammation/metabolism , Obesity/immunology , Obesity/metabolism
4.
Gac. méd. Méx ; 142(6): 483-491, nov.-dic. 2006. graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-568944

ABSTRACT

El exenatide es el primer agonista sintético del receptor de GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) aprobado para el tratamiento de pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. La multiplicidad de efectos que produce sobre el metabolismo de la glucosa, el apetito y el peso corporal, así como su capacidad potencial para mantener la masa de células β, lo convierten en una alternativa terapéutica atractiva. El presente artículo pretende revisar la información existente sobre la farmacocinética, farmacodinamia, efectividad y seguridad del exenatide en humanos, derivada de los primeros estudios de fase I y II y de los ensayos clínicos controlados que condujeron a la aprobación de su uso clínico como terapia de combinación con sulfonilureas y metformina.


Exenatide is the first synthetic agonist of the GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide 1) receptor approved for clinical use in patients with type 2 diabetes. The multiplicity of its effects over glucose metabolism, appetite, body weight and its potential capacity to preserve the ?cell mass, makes it an attractive therapeutic alternative. This article attempts to review the current literature on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of exenatide in humans, derived from the early phase I and II studies, and from the clinical controlled trials that led to its approval for clinical use as a combination therapy with sulphonylureas and metformin.


Subject(s)
Humans , /drug therapy , Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology , Venoms/pharmacology , Peptides/pharmacology , Clinical Trials as Topic , Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use , Venoms/therapeutic use , Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/antagonists & inhibitors , Peptides/therapeutic use
5.
Rev. invest. clín ; 52(6): 618-24, nov.-dic. 2000. tab, graf, CD-ROM
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-295049

ABSTRACT

Objetivo. Describir la forma de presentación, diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución de la hipercalcemia grave asociada a hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) en una serie de pacientes. Material y métodos. Se evaluaron las características clínicas, forma de presentación, hallazgos quirúrgicos, tratamiento, evolución y complicaciones de 21 pacientes con HPT cuyo calcio sérico fue igual o superior a 14 mg/dL. El grupo fue tomado de un total de 118 enfermos intervenidos quirúrgicamente por HPTP en el periodo de estudio. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 47 ñ 17 años y la relación M:F de 4:17. El 95 por ciento de los pacientes tuvo uno o más síntomas, el 62 por ciento mostró alteraciones en el electrocardiograma y el 76 por ciento mostró alteraciones radiológicas. Todos los pacientes recibieron hidratación intensa durante el preoperatorio, con frecuencia asociada a la administración de diuréticos. Se estableció el diagnóstico de enfermedad uniglandular (adenoma) en 13, enfermedad multiglandular (hiperplasia) en 4 y carcinoma en 4. En todos los pacientes con enfermedad benigna se logró la normalización de las cifras de calcio. Conclusiones. La hipercalcemia grave es una entidad relativamente frecuente en la población de enfermos con HPTP en nuestro hospital. La mayor parte de pacientes presentó manifestaciones clínicas o paraclínicas atribuibles a la enfermedad. Los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico son satisfactorios en pacientes con enfermedad benigna.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Hypercalcemia/physiopathology , Hyperparathyroidism/surgery , Calcium/blood , Parathyroid Diseases/physiopathology
7.
Arch. med. res ; 28(4): 473-88, dec. 1997.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-225252

ABSTRACT

Clinical research in Internal Medicine has provided may scientific advances during the past few years. However, the newly generated information overrides the time available to read all of the medial literature regarding advances in Internal Medicine. The goal of this review is to summarize some of the most relevant improvements in clinical practice published over the last few years. From Cardiology to Pulmonary, the authors of this review expose in a succinct way what they and many of their peers consider to be the most trascendental information gathered from thousands of publications. The authors of this review article have attempted to avoid sensationalism by incluiding facts instead of just simply optimistic preliminary findings that can mislead clinicians' decision making. The review is focused on information obtained through well-designed, prospective clinical trials and cohorts where the effectiveness of medical interventions and diagnostic procedures were tested


Subject(s)
Humans , Clinical Trials as Topic , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy , Heart Diseases/therapy , Infections/drug therapy , Internal Medicine , Lung Diseases/drug therapy
9.
Arch. med. res ; 27(2): 177-81, 1996. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-200311

ABSTRACT

In this retrospective study, we report the clinical and biochemical features of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adult patients who were managed at the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion during a 6.5 year period. There were 98 episodes in 46 patients: 22 females (48 per cent) and 24 males (52 per cent). Six patients (13 per cent) had four or more episodes of DKA were the initial manifestation of diabetes. We compared our results with those from other reported series, finding no differences among them. The mean anion gap in our series was 30.4. Main complications identified were hypokalemia in five cases, hypoglycemia in four cases hypernatremia in four cases, and acute pulmonary edema, ventricular fibrillation, neurological deficit and coma in one case each. There were three death (6.5 per cent) in the whole group. To our knowledge, this is the largest series on adult patients with DKA reported in our country in the last decade. The obtained results may help evaluate prospectively the impact of different diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the management of DKA


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Humans , Male , Female , Alcoholism/complications , Diabetic Ketoacidosis/physiopathology , Clinical Laboratory Techniques , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis , Insulin Resistance/immunology , Myocardial Ischemia/etiology , Pancreatitis/etiology
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